编辑推荐:
亚伯拉罕·马斯洛,国际上*有影响力的心理学家之一,开拓了心理学史上的第三思潮——“人本主义心理学”,被誉为“人本主义心理学之父”。《动机与人格》是马斯洛*经典的著作。
应用的领域较广
本书在心理学、管理学、教育学、社会学、哲学等领域都享有盛誉,为多个领域的研究者所熟悉。
具备新版的特点
内容简介:
本书是“人本主义心理学之父”马斯洛的代表作,本书奠定了马斯洛的学术地位。本书 中,马斯洛提出了许多精彩的理论,其中需求层次理论、自我实现理论、高峰体验理论*为广大读者所 熟悉。本书自1954年初版后,对管理学、心理学、教育学、社会学等学科领域和实际工作产生了巨大的 影响力。 本书是一部经典的、解读“人性”的著作。阅读本书,就如同在倾听自己内心的声音。它并不晦涩 难懂,适合每一位想了解自己、了解人性的读者阅读。
作者简介:
马斯洛(1908—1970),“人本心理学之父”,当代伟大的心理学家之一,曾担任美国心理学学会主席。《动机与人格》是他重要的著作之一,奠定了他的学术定位。
美国知名作家、教育家乔治?伦纳德评价他说:在改变我们对人性和人类可能性的看法方面,亚伯拉罕?马斯洛所做的,比过去50年中其他任何一位美国心理学家所做的都要多。他的影响,仍在继续直接或间接地增长,特别是在健康、教育和管理理论领域,以及在几百万美国人的私人和社会生活中。
目 录:
第3版序第3版序
第2版序
写在前面的话
亚伯拉罕·马斯洛的影响 51
引言 51
马斯洛的影响 52
生平简历 56
参考文献 65
第1部分
动机理论 1
第1章 动机理论引言 2
作为一个整体的个人 2
作为动机状态典型的饥饿 3
2
Motivation and Personality
THIRD EDITION
手段和目的 5
无意识动机 6
欲望与文化 6
复杂多样的动机 7
促动状态 8
满足产生新的动机 9
不可能列出内驱力一览表 10
按照基本目标为动机分类 12
动物资料不足以说明问题 12
环境 14
整合作用 16
无动机的行为 17
达到目的的可能性 18
现实和无意识 18
健康人的动机 21
第2章 人类动机理论 22
基本需要的层次 22
基本的认知需要 36
基本需要的特点 41
第3章 基本需要的满足 52
满足一个基本需要所产生的一些后果 53
学习和需要的满足 56
需要满足和性格形成 58
满足和健康 62
满足和病态 65
需求满足理论的应用 66
满足的影响 70
3
目录
第4章 重新考察本能理论 75
重新考察本能理论的重要性 75
对传统本能理论的批判 77
类本能理论中的基本需要 86
第5章 需要的层次 92
高级需要与低级需要的差异 93
需要层次存在的后果 97
第6章 非动机的行为 103
应对与表达 105
表达性行为 115
第2部分
心里病态与正常状态 121
第7章 心理病理的起源 122
剥夺与威胁 122
冲突和威胁 125
威胁的个体化定义 128
作为威胁的精神创伤和疾病 129
作为威胁的对自我实现的抑制 130
病理状态的根源 131
总结 132
第8章 破坏性是本能的吗? 133
动物 134
儿童 138
人类学 142
临床经验 143
来自内分泌学、遗传学等的材料 144
一些理论上的考虑 145
破坏性:本能还是习得? 148
第9章 作为良好人际关系的心理治疗 150
心理治疗与需要满足 153
良好的人际关系 159
良好社会 171
专业的心理治疗 176
第10章 达到正常与健康的方法 182
“正常”的标准概念 184
新的概念 187
我们可以成为什么 189
内在的人性 193
从非本质属性中区分出固有属性 195
健康的前提条件 197
环境与人格 199
心理学乌托邦 200
“正常”的本质 201
第3部分
自我实现 203
第11章 自我实现的人 204
研究 205
观察结果 209
第12章 自我实现者的爱情 247
开放性 248
爱与被爱 248
性 249
对自我的超越 252
嬉戏与娱乐 253
对他人的尊重 253
作为对自身奖赏的爱情 255
利他主义的爱 257
分离与个性 258
第13章 自我实现者的创造性 260
先入之见 260
新的范例 261
自我实现的创造性 263
“非此即彼”的消解 265
没有恐惧感 267
高峰体验 268
创造性的层次 271
创造性与自我实现 275
第4部分
人类科学的方法论 277
第14章 新心理学的问题 278
学习 279
知觉 280
情绪 281
动机 282
智力 284
认知和思维 285
临床心理学 286
动物心理学 288
社会心理学 289
人格 294
第15章 关于科学的心理学研究 296
对科学家的研究 297
科学和人类价值 297
理解的价值观 298
人类和自然界的规律 299
科学社会学 300
认识实在的各种方法 300
心理健康 303
第16章 方法中心与问题中心 305
过分强调技术 305
方法中心与科学上的正统 310
第17章 陈规化的认知与真正的认知 315
注意 316
感知 321
学习 324
思想 331
语言 339
理论 341
第18章 心理学的整体论方法 344
整体动力学方法 344
人格症候群的概念 355
人格症候群的特征 361
研究人格症候群 373
人格症候群的层次与特性 380
人格症候群和行为 382
症候群资料的逻辑和数学表达 385
后记 亚伯拉罕.马斯洛的丰硕成果 391
引言
人本心理学 402
介绍 402
心理学 407
后人本心理学 412
教育:人本主义价值观及新的学习方法 416
马斯洛对工作与管理的影响 421
健康与全人 425
动机、自我实现理论与女性心理学 428
协同性社会 430
持续不断的收获 435
动机与人格的引文回顾 435
参考文献与选读 438
亚伯拉罕·马斯洛的著作参考文献 448
人名索引 468
主题标引 471
CONTENTS
PREFACE TO THE THIRD EDITION
PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION
Foreword
THE
INFLUENCE
OF
ABRAHAM
MASLOW
51
By Robert Frager
Introduction 51
Maslow’s Influence 52
A Short Biography 56
References 65
ONE
MOTIVATION
THEORY
1
Chapter 1 Preface to Motivation Theory 2
Holistic Approach 2
A Paradigm for Motivational States 3
Means and Ends 5
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Motivation and Personality
THIRD EDITION
Unconscious Motivation 6
Commonality of Human Desires 6
Multiple Motivations 7
Motivating States 8
Satisfactions Generate New
Motivations 9
Impossibility of Listing Drives 10
Classifying Motivation According to
Fundamental Goals 12
Inadequacy of Animal Data 12
Environment 14
Integrated Action 16
Unmotivated Behaviors 17
Possibility of Attainment 18
Reality and the Unconscious 18
Motivation of Highest Human Capacities 21
Chapter 2 A Theory of Human Motivation 22
The Basic Need Hierarchy 22
The Basic Cognitive Needs 36
Characteristics of the Basic Needs 41
Chapter 3 Gratification of Basic Needs 52
Consequences of Satisfying a Basic Need 53
Learning and Gratification 56
Gratification and Character Formation 58
Gratification and Health 62
Gratification and Pathology 65
Implications of Gratification Theory 66
Influence of Gratification 70
11
CONTENTS
Chapter 4 Instinct Theory Reexamined 75
The Importance of Reexamination 75
Critique of Traditional Instinct Theory 77
Basic Needs In Instinct Theory 86
Chapter 5 The Hierarchy of Needs 92
Differences Between Higher and Lower Needs 93
Consequences of a Hierarchy of Needs 97
Chapter 6 Unmotivated Behavior 103
Coping Versus Expression 105
Expressive Behaviors 115
TWO
PSYCHOPATHOLOGY
AND
NORMALITY 121
Chapter 7 Origins of Pathology 122
Deprivation and Threat 122
Conflict and Threat 125
Individual Definition of Threat 128
Trauma and Illness as Threat 129
Inhibition of Self-Actualization as Threat 130
The Source of Pathology 131
Summary 132
Chapter 8 Is Destructiveness Instinctive? 133
Animals 134
Children 138
Anthropology 142
12
Motivation and Personality
THIRD EDITION
Clinical Experience 143
Endocrinology and Genetics 144
Theoretical Considerations 145
Destructiveness: Instinctive or Learned? 148
Chapter 9 Psychotherapy as Good Human
Relationships 150
Psychotherapy and Need Grtification 153
Good Human Relationships 159
The Good Society 171
Professional Psychotherapy 176
Chapter 10 Approaches to Normality and Health 182
Standard Concepts 184
New Concepts 187
What We May Become 189
Inherent Human Nature 193
Differentiating the Inherent from the Accidental 195
Conditions for Health 197
Environment and Personality 199
Psychological Utopia 200
The Nature of Normality 201
THREE
SELF-ACTUALIZATION 203
Chapter 11 Self-actualizing People:A Study of
Psychological Health 204
The Study 205
The Observations 209
Chapter 12 Love in Self-actualizing People 247
Openness 248
To Love and Be Loved 248
Sexuality 249
Ego-Transcendence 252
Fun and Gaiety 253
Respect for Others 253
Love As Its Own Reward 255
Altruistic Love 257
Detachment and Individuality 258
前 言:
PREFACE TO THE THIRDPREFACE TO THE THIRD
EDITION
Motivation and Personality is an original record of the work in
progress of one of the most creative psychologists of this century. It
has become a primary reference for anyone interested in Abraham H.
Maslow’s theories, as clearly evidenced by growing attention from
authors in many major professional journals in psychology, education,
business, and social studies, among other fields. Although the first
edition of this book was published in 1954 and the second in 1970, its
influence has continued to grow over the years. From 1971 to 1976,
Motivation and Personality was cited as a reference 489 times, an
average of over 97 references a year. From 1976 t0 1980, more than
20 years after publication of the first edition, citations rose to 791, an
average of over 198 citations a year.
This third edition of Motivation and Personality has been revised
to highlight Maslow’s creative thinking and emphasize his far-reaching
concepts. Within the text itself, we have reordered the chapters,
added new headings and subheadings in one chapter, and deleted a
few sections of dated material. Chapter 13 is a new addition to this
book. It is the text of a lecture Maslow gave in 1958 at Michigan State
University. In the hope of enhancing the reader’s sense of the historical
18
Motivation and Personality
THIRD EDITION
and intellectual context of the book, several other features have been
added to this edition: a brief biography of Maslow, an afterword on
the extensive effect of Maslow’s vision in contemporary lives, chapter
introductions, a citation study, and a complete bibliography of his
work.
This edition has four major sections: l. Motivation Theory,
Chapter l, “Preface to Motivation Theory,” provides a humanistic
critique of traditional behaviorist theories of motivation. Maslow
systematically lists the limitations of traditional motivation theory.
He emphasizes the need to consider the whole person, the effects of
culture, environment, multiple motivation, nonmotivated behavior,
healthy motivation. In short, Maslow lays out the major foundations
for a truly human theory of motivation.
Chapter 2, “A Theory of Human Motivation,” is a classic
presentation of Maslow’s hierarchy of needs. Maslow provides
a brilliant and elegant integration of behaviorist, Freudian, and
humanistic psychology. The need hierarchy has become a widely
used paradigm in business, advertising, and other applications of
psychology.
Maslow argues that all human needs can be arrranged in a
hierarchy, beginning with physical needs—for air, food, and water.
Next come four levels of psychological needs—for safety, love,
esteem, and self-actualization. Maslow argues that our higher needs
are as real and as integral a part of human nature as our need for food.
He avoids the oversimplifications of both behaviorist and Freudian
positions.
In Chapter 3, “Gratification of Basic Needs,” Maslow explores
some of the implications of his need hierarchy. He discusses need
19
PREFACE TO THE THIRD EDITION
gratification, its consequences, and its relation to leaning, character
formation, psychological health, pathology, and a variety of other
phenomena.
Maslow reexamines the classic psychological theory of instinct
in Chapter 4, “Instinct Theory Reexamined.” This theory applies the
biological concept of instinct to human behavior. Instinctivists look
for the roots of all behavior in inherited instincts, as opposed to the
behaviorists who have tended to explain all behavior in terms of
leaning.
In this chapter, Maslow summarizes the major problems
of the instinctivist approach. He argues that any careful look at
human behavior will show a mixture of the effects of heredity and
environment. Maslow writes that human needs do have an instinctive
component, but generally one that is weak. Normal, healthy human
beings are not dominated by their instinctive needs, nor are they deeply
frustrated if some of their instinctive needs are unfulfilled.
Freud held that the demands of our egos and our culture are
inevitably at odds with our deepest, essentially selfish instincts.
Maslow disagrees. He argues that we are essentially good and
cooperative, that we can be fulfilled by our culture rather than
frustrated by it.
In Chapter 5, “The Hierarchy of Needs,” Maslow discusses
the differences between needs that are higher and those that are
lower in the need hierarchy. He argues that higher needs are later
evolutionary developments and also that they develop later in each
individual. Higher needs are less demanding and can be postponed
longer. Satisfaction of higher needs produces more happiness and
leads to greater individual growth. It also requires a better external
environment.
Next, Maslow explores some of the implications of his hierarchy.
Maslow’s need hierarchy is one way of doing justice to the richness
and complexity of higher human functioning and at the same time
placing human behavior on a single continuum with the motivation
and behavior of all organisms. Maslow also outlines the model’s
implications for philosophy, values, psychotherapy, culture, and
theology.
In Chapter 6, “Unmotivated Behavior,” Maslow expands
traditional psychological concerns to include expressive and artistic
behavior. Behavioral psychologists of his day tended to ignore
everything but learned, motivated behavior. Maslow points out that not
all behavior is motivated or purposive. Expressive behaviors, including
singing, dancing, and play, are relatively spontaneous, unpurposeful,
and enjoyable in their own right. They are also worthy of the attention
of psychology.
Maslow discusses two kinds of need frustration in Chapter 7,
“Origins of Pathology.” Threatening frustration produces pathology.
Nonthreatening frustration does not. Maslow argues that not all
frustration is threatening, and, in fact, deprivation may have positive
as well as negative effects. Maslow also discusses threatening and
nonthreatening conflict, arguing here too that some kinds of conflict
can have positive consequences.
In Chapter 8, “Is Destructiveness Instinctive?,” Maslow argues
that destructiveness is not innate. He reviews evidence from studies
of animals, children, and cross-cultural behavior indicating that in
a healthy, supportive environment there is virtually no destructive
behavior. He argues that for destructiveness, as for any behavior,
we must consider three factors: the individual’s character structure,
cultural pressures, and the immediate situation.
Maslow begins Chapter 9, “Psychotherapy as Good Human
Relationships,” by relating psychotherapy to traditional concepts of
experimental psychology, such as threat, act completion, and need-
gratification.
By acknowledging the central theoretical role of need-gratification,
Maslow argues that we can understand how different therapeutic
systems are all effective and how relatively untrained psychotherapists
can also be effective. He points out that our basic needs can be
satisfied only interpersonally. These include satisfaction of the needs
in Maslow’s need hierarchy—needs for safety, belongingness, love,
and self-esteem.
Maslow argues that good human relations are essentially
therapeutic and, conversely, that good therapy is built on a good
human relationship between therapist and patient. For Maslow, a
good society is one in which good human relations are fostered and
encouraged. A good society is also a psychologically healthy society.
Maslow stresses that there will always be a role for professional
psychotherapists, especially for those people who no longer even
seek basic need gratification and could not accept such gratification if
offered. For such individuals, professional therapy is needed to make
consciously available their unconscious thoughts, desires, frustrations,
and inhibitions.